Like other South African cities, Ekurhuleni faces a dire housing crunch, with some 600,000 of its nearly 4 million people living in "informal settlements" and a shortage of land to build homes.

Last month, Ekurhuleni's city council voted in favor of forging ahead with "expropriation without compensation," a legal tool that the ruling African National Congress says is necessary to correct the historic injustices of apartheid and distribute land more equitably.

Nearly a quarter-century after the end of white-minority rule, white South Africans comprise just 8 per cent of the population but still hold most of the individually owned private land, keeping most economic power in the hands of a few and making the country one of the most unequal societies in the world.

In July, President Cyril Ramaphosa said the ANC planned to amend the constitution to allow for expropriation without compensation, sparking concerns that the move could destabilise the fragile economy and spur conflict in an already socially divided nation.

In August, President Donald Trump waded into the controversy by tweeting - incorrectly - that South Africa had begun seizing farms and that high numbers of farmers were being killed.

The ANC has sought to reassure people inside and outside the country that its efforts to ensure the majority of black South Africans have better access to land - a long-standing party promise - will be legal and should not be cause for alarm.

Ramaphosa has said everyone should "relax" about the land reform process and that it would "end up very well."

Ekurhuleni's Executive Mayor Mzwandile Masina, who heads the local ANC-led coalition, echoed the president, saying landowners in South Africa don't need to be "scared."

"Our policy is not to take the land by force," Masina told The Associated Press. "Our policy is to make sure the land is shared amongst those that need it."

Ekurhuleni plans to expropriate about 350 hectares of land in the city limits, both private and government-owned, that has been vacant for decades and develop it to relieve pressure in vast tracts of ramshackle dwellings.

The mayor did not identify the landowners.

The conditions in these settlements are "horrible for human beings," Masina said.

"We are not going to expropriate land and keep it for ourselves."

He expects the city to be taken to court once it notifies landowners of its intent to seize their property - and that is the point, he says.

The municipality wants the case to force a ruling on whether expropriating land in the public interest is legal as the nation's laws stand, or whether the constitution needs to be amended.

Whether the court case will pan out favourably for the city is unclear.

"You can't guarantee the outcome," said Ben Cousins, research chair in poverty, land and agrarian studies at the University of Western Cape.

"The court may find you do have to pay some level of compensation. It could backfire quite badly."

The move has already put Masina's political life on the line. The opposition Democratic Alliance party has tabled a motion of no confidence in the mayor for October 25.

Though South Africa's land reform debate is often focused on farmland, the demand for urban land is intense, particularly in the economic hub of Gauteng province, which includes Johannesburg.

The Ekurhuleni test case is part of a new push in Gauteng to "release" land to residents every week, giving parcels to people who need it for homes or businesses.

Dikgang Uhuru Moiloa, head of the provincial department of Human Settlements, says the government is starting the program by redistributing state-owned land but is also looking at privately owned land that is not being used, as is the case in Ekurhuleni.

"We have to be very rational," Moiloa said. "We can't just chase people out of land, their livelihoods, and providing food for the nation. We can't do that.

"Those that use the land effectively definitely will have to be left to use the land effectively."

Australian Associated Press